Mary Kay Smith, Marijo B. Tamburrino, Rollin W. Nagel1 and Denis J. Lynch,
Departments of Family Medicine and Psychiatry
College of Medicine and Life Sciences
University of Toledo
Corresponding author: Marijo Tamburrino, M.D.
Department of Psychiatry
College of Medicine
University of Toledo
3129 Glendale Ave.. Mail Stop 1193
Toledo, Ohio 43614
Telephone number: (419) 383-5669
Fax number: (419) 383-2810
e-mail: marijo.tamburrino@utoledo.edu
This study was funded in part by an unrestricted educational grant from Eli Lilly and Company to the corresponding author.
1 Now at Ohio State University, Center for Education and Scholarship
Abstract
Background: The current study was intended to assess the frequency of comorbid anxiety disorders in primary care patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
Methods: Subjects 18 years or older who were recruited from three family medicine practices completed a demographic questionnaire and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorder (PRIME-MD) Patient Questionnaire. Subjects responding positively to one of the depression screening questions were administered the PRIME-MD Clinical Evaluation Guide to assess for depression and anxiety diagnoses. Diagnosis was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV).
Results: Of 1704 subjects completing the assessment, 28% (N=475) screened positively for depression. For the entire sample, an estimated rate of 4.6% would receive a diagnosis of MDD. Of the subjects with a diagnosis of MDD, 66% (N=47) also received an anxiety diagnosis.
Limitations: Diagnostic information could not be obtained from 177 subjects who screened positively for depression.
Conclusions: This study supported earlier work that identified a high rate of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders in primary care patients. Primary care practitioners are treating potentially severe comorbid patients at rates higher than previously thought and may benefit from effective treatment algorithms for this patient population.
Key words: depression, anxiety, comorbidity, primary care
Comorbidity Of Anxiety In Depressed Primary Care Patients
The comorbidity of anxiety disorders in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has been the topic of continued interest. Early epidemiological studies (Kessler et al., 1999) noted the frequent occurrence of anxiety disorders in depressed patients. Later studies documented the clinical relevance of this comorbidity.
Rush et al (2005) analyzed findings from the STAR*D trials (Fava et al., 2003) and found that depressed subjects who had comorbid anxiety had greater depressive severity, poorer mental and physical functioning, and more general medical comorbidity. Kessler et al (2008) also reported greater severity of symptoms in depressed subjects with comorbid anxiety. Higher rates of suicide have also been reported in comorbid patients compared to those with depression alone (Aina & Susman, 2006). Further study of the incidence and management of anxious depressed patients is clearly indicated (Mittal, Fortney, Pyne, & Wetherell, 2011).
Occurrence of comorbid anxiety in depressed patients has been studied in both psychiatric and primary care settings. Gaynes et al (2007) studied primary care and psychiatric outpatients with depression and found anxiety comobidity rates of around 50% in both groups. Other studies conducted in psychiatry clinics have found comorbidity rates ranging from 49% to 57 % (Yerevanian, Koek, & Ramdev, 2001; Zimmerman, McDermut, & Mattia, 2000). An earlier study by Gaynes and his colleagues (1999) found a comorbidity rate of about 50% in a primary care sample. However both Stein et al (1995) and Rush et al (2005) reported significantly higher rates of comorbidity in primary care samples. The reason for this variation is not clear, but further research is needed to clarify the comorbidity rate in primary care patients.
There have also been mixed findings regarding treatment implications of comorbid anxiety in depressed patients. Kashdan and Roberts (2011) described a group intervention for depressed patients with and without anxiety. They reported that the anxiety disorder did not have a detrimental effect on the treatment of depression in the group intervention. Others, however, have suggested that depressed patients with anxiety are more challenging to treat (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005; Mittal et al., 2011). Psychopharmacological treatment has been specifically discussed in this regard, and it has been reported that depressive symptoms are slower to resolve in patients with comorbid anxiety compared to those with depression alone (Mittal et al., 2011).
In response to the suggestions of both Fava and colleagues (2004) and Mittal and colleagues (2011), the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of comorbid anxiety in depressed patients. A large sample of community patients was assessed to clarify the prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed outpatients from family medicine settings.
Methods
Subjects: Patients waiting to see their physicians in three different outpatient family medicine practices were approached in the waiting rooms and invited to participate. The practices were located in urban, suburban and rural areas respectively. The majority of the patients in the urban practice were on Medicaid while the other two practices had less than 10% Medicaid patients. Private insurance was the prevalent payor for the patients in the rural and suburban practices. Individuals were excluded from the study if they were younger than 18 years or if they were unable to understand and/or respond to study instruments.
Procedure: Patients were asked to complete a demographic information sheet and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorder (PRIME-MD). Patient Questionnaire (PQ) (Spitzer et al., 1994). Subjects who screened positively for depression on this instrument were contacted within two weeks by telephone and were administered the depression module of the PRIME-MD Clinical Evaluation Guide (CEG) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Hamilton, 1960).
If they screened positively for anxiety on the PQ they were administered the anxiety module of the CEG as well.
Measures: The PRIME-MD (Spitzer et al., 1994) was devised as a screening and diagnostic instrument for mental health problems in primary care settings. It assesses five areas: mood, anxiety, alcohol use, eating disorders and somatoform disorders. Validity studies of the screening instrument (PQ) have found that high scores on depression and anxiety are associated with functional impairment, disability days and healthcare use (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Lowe, 2009). If patients responded positively to screening items in one or more of the areas, they were administered the CEG. For each area assessed, a diagnosis based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV) (1994) can be assigned. In this study, patients who screened positively for depression on the PQ were contacted by trained research assistants, and were administered the CEG for positive PQ components.
To be considered a positive screen for depression on this PQ, subjects must respond positively to at least one of the two items (“depressed mood” or “loss of interest in activities”) in the last two weeks. At least one of the three anxiety items (“nerves” or “feeling anxious”, “worrying about a lot of different things”, or “anxiety attack”) must be endorsed for a positive anxiety screen.
Data analysis: Percentages of subjects who screened positively for depression on the PQ and the number receiving a depression diagnosis on the CEG were calculated. The percentage of subjects with a diagnosis of MDD who also had an anxiety diagnosis was calculated.
Institutional review: The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the authors’ academic institution and the clinical institution responsible for the medical care of the subjects. Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects.
Results
A total of 1704 subjects completed the assessment packet (PRIME-MD PQ and demographic information sheet). The average age was 42.7 years, 72.6 % (n=1237) were female, and 73.3 % (n=1249) were working either full-time or part- time. Less than 10% of those approached declined participation. Since we do not have information for these patients, we cannot say how they compared to the study participants.
On the PRIME-MD PQ, 475 (28%) subjects screened positively for depression. Of those screening positively for depression, 87% (n=413) also screened positive for anxiety. One hundred and seventy-seven (37%) of those screening positive for depression could not be reached by telephone to complete the PRIME-MD CEG.
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The rates of depression diagnoses for those screening positively on the PRIME-MD PQ who were administered the CEG (n=298) were: MDD 23.5% (n=70), dysthymia 10.4% (n=31) minor depressive disorder (mDD) 14.4% (n=43). Given the high sensitivity of the PRIME-MD (U. S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2002; Whooley, Avins, Miranda, & Browner, 1997) estimated rates for the entire sample (not including those who could not be reached by telephone, n=1527) can be made and would be as follows: MDD = 4.6%, dysthymia = 2%, mDD= 2.8%. Of the subjects who were diagnosed with MDD, 66.7% (n=47) also had an anxiety diagnosis. For dysthymia and mDD, the rates of comorbid anxiety diagnosis were 34.5% (n=11) and 20.8% (n=9) respectively. These results are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Estimated frequency of PRIME-MD depression diagnoses and comorbid anxiety diagnoses (N=1527)
| Diagnosis |
Frequency |
Number with comorbid anxiety diagnosis
|
| Major depressive disorder |
70 (4.6%) |
47 (3.1%) |
| Dysthymia |
31 (2%) |
11 (0.7%) |
| Minor depressive disorder |
43 (2.8%) |
9 (0.6%) |
Subjects who screened positively for anxiety, as well as depression, were significantly more likely to receive a depression diagnosis when administered the PRIME-MD CEG (X=14.47, p< .002) than those who screened positive only for depression. The likelihood of receiving a depression diagnosis was even greater (X=68.75, p<. 001) in subjects receiving an anxiety diagnosis (compared to those who simply screened positive for anxiety). About 62 % of this group received a diagnosis of MDD (compared to 13% in the group without an anxiety diagnosis).
Discussion
The results of our study add further support to previous findings that primary care patients with MDD are likely to also have an anxiety disorder. In our study, this comorbidity occurred in about 67% of the patients which was consistent with that found by Stein et al (1995) (68.2%), and Rush et al (2005) (62%) but higher than that reported by Gaynes et al (2007) (50.3%). Our sample and that of Stein et al (1995) tended to have older subjects and a higher proportion of males than that reported by Gaynes et al (2007). It is possible that these differences might have contributed to the varied results.
Unlike those previous two studies, ours used the PRIME-MD, which was developed specifically for use in primary care settings. Regardless, our study had similar overall rates of MDD (about 4.6%) as the other researchers (Gaynes et al., 2007; Stein et al., 1995), although the number screened as positive was somewhat higher (28% for the PRIME-MD, as compared to 16% by Stein who used the Beck Depression Inventory, and 15.3% by Gaynes who used the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D.)
We found that patients screening positive for both depression and anxiety were significantly more likely to receive a depression diagnosis, particularly MDD. This finding may have particular clinical utility. Used by itself, the depression PQ module of the PRIME-MD led to a relatively high false positive rate (74%). In clinical situations where greater specificity is desired, combined use of both the depression and anxiety modules may be effective. Further research of this question would be helpful.
Wittchen and colleagues (1999) had suggested that comorbidity of anxiety with depression would be more common in mental health clinics, since these are patients with more severe conditions who would be more likely to seek specialized care. However, our results suggest otherwise. Studies done in psychiatry clinics found comorbidity rates ranging from 49 to 57 % (Yerevanian et al., 2001; Zimmerman et al., 2000). These rates are lower than we found and also lower than the rate reported by Stein et al (1995). It may be, then, that the severity and complexity of psychiatric conditions seen in primary care is greater than previously thought.
The fact that we were not able to reach 177 (37%) subjects who screened positive for depression represents a limitation of this study. It is not clear if or how these subjects may differ from the other subjects. It is not known how their inclusion might have affected the results.
Clinical management of patients with comorbid anxiety and depression is more challenging than treatment for those with only one of these disorders (Fava et al., 2008). Suicide rates are higher in comorbid patients (Aina & Susman, 2006), and the choice of appropriate medications is more complex (Mittal et al., 2011; Schoevers, Van, Koppelmans, Kool, & Dekker, 2008). Psychiatric consultation may be indicated for treatment-resistant individuals to facilitate symptom remission. Like Gaynes et al (2007), our results suggest that primary care practitioners are seeing a high number of depressed patients with comorbid anxiety disorders. Future research that leads to the development of effective treatment algorithms for this patient population should be helpful to the busy primary care physician managing depressive and anxiety symptoms.
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First Publsihed May 2013.
